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Abstract

Within the framework of the EuroGO-SHIP Project, an experiment on the long-term preservation of nutrients in seawater samples was conducted in May 2023 using high-salinity, low-nutrient continental shelf waters from the Gulf of Trieste. Sample comparison included filtered and non-filtered samples, preserved by both freezing and pasteurization techniques. The results indicated that neither of these methods is individually ideal for the long-term (6- and 12-month) preservation of seawater samples, although freezing is less affected by experimental biases than pasteurization. Syringe filtration (0.22 µm pore size MCE filters) can cause the breakage of plankton cells and the release of nitrogen into the samples, whereas pasteurization can cause the remineralization of dissolved organic phosphorus and the release of phosphorus and silicate from marine particulate matter. Experimental results indicated that the best preservation method should be chosen depending on the biogeochemical characteristics of the marine system studied.

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Abstract

The spatial and temporal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Baltic Sea was analysed using two atmospheric reanalyses: MERRA-2 (1980–2023) and CAMSRA (2003–2023). The study examined total and speciated AOD at 550 nm – sulphate, organic, black carbon, sea salt, and dust – focusing on spatial patterns, long-term trends, seasonal cycles, and relationships with fire activity and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Both reanalyses show a south-to-north decrease in total AOD, with basin-mean values of 0.221 (1980–1999, MERRA-2), 0.135 (2003–2023, MERRA-2), and 0.116 (2003–2023, CAMSRA). The long-term trends are negative (−0.073 [62% confidence intervals: −0.111; −0.045] per decade, significant at a 90% confidence level, −0.006 [−0.009; −0.002] per decade, insignificant, and −0.016 [−0.021; −0.009] per decade, significant at a 90% confidence level, respectively), being strongest over the southern Baltic Sea and weaker in the north. The seasonal AOD cycle changed from a single spring maximum in the late 20th century to a dominant summer maximum after 2012. Fire activity shows its strongest correlation with total and black carbon AOD in spring, while the NAO index correlates positively with sea-salt AOD in winter and negatively in July. The greatest agreement between AOD characteristics derived from MERRA-2 and CAMSRA was found for total AOD and sea salt AOD.

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Abstract

The Iraqi coast, particularly the Ras al Bisha region at the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab, is among the most sensitive regions to coastal changes due to the complex interplay between natural factors and human activities. This study analyzed spatial and temporal changes in the Ras al Bisha coastline over a 48-year period (1976, 1990, 2000, 2013, and 2024) using Landsat and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Statistical indicators (NSM, SCE, LRR, and EPR) were calculated, spatial changes analyzed, and a decision matrix developed to assess the intensity of erosion-accretion, with projections for 2035 and 2045. Quantitative results revealed that coastal erosion dominated 75% of the sections, particularly in the central and western areas, with maximum erosion rates of −16.7 m/year (average: −5.56 m/year). Net accretion reached 1.84 km² in the eastern region, while erosion reached 1.44 km² in the western and central regions (1976–2024). Results revealed a clear temporal alternation between erosion-dominated periods (1976–1990 and 2000–2013) and accretion dominated periods (1990–2000 and 2013–2024). LULC classification achieved 92.5% accuracy (Kappa = 0.91). Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) analysis identified zones F, B, and D as high risk areas (CVI = 12.91–14.43) requiring urgent coastal management interventions. Future projections to 2045 indicated a baseline shoreline advance of +32.55 m, with continued eastward expansion of Ras al Bisha. The study’s novelty lies in integrating advanced DSAS analysis with comprehensive spatial analysis frameworks, decision matrix, and future projections, providing a dynamic and holistic assessment of coastal dynamics at Ras al Bisha. Unbalanced spatial distribution of erosion and accretion reflects complex interactions between natural factors (Shamal winds, ocean currents) and human activities (new Faw port, dredging). This study recommends adopting of an integrated coastal management system for Iraq, incorporating continuous remote sensing monitoring, advanced predictive modeling, and targeted engineering and environmental interventions to mitigate erosion risks and safeguard coastal infrastructure.

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Abstract

Temporal changes in the abundance and population biology were studied in the non-indigenous tanaid Sinelobus vanhaareni colonising artificial substrates (PVC plates) submerged in the shallow coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). Individuals were collected three times, in July (early summer), August (midsummer) and October (early autumn) 2019, with the number of samples analysed (PVC plates) ranging from 10 to 12 per season. S. vanhaareni occurred with 100% frequency in all three sampling periods, with the lowest and highest densities of 667 ind. m⁻² and 9.689 ind. m⁻², respectively. The most common density (in 74% of all samples) did not exceed 4,000 ind. m⁻². Furthermore, no temporal changes in this parameter were observed (p > 0.05). The study population (n = 2.216) consisted of juveniles, females (non-reproductive, pre-ovigerous and ovigerous) and males, ranging in size from 0.84 mm to 4.07 mm. Females of S. vanhaareni were longer than males and outnumbered them sixfold. The female-biased sex ratio increased over time. The presence of ovigerous females and juveniles in the population indicates that this species reproduces at least from June to October. The number of embryos per female ranged from 8 to 54 (mean 23 ± 10, n = 58) and increased significantly (p < 0.05) with female body length. These findings show that S. vanhaareni is characterised by several life traits that favour the rapid establishment of a stable and abundant population in non-native regions.

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Abstract

This study investigates the distribution, characteristics, and composition of marine microplastics (MPs) in the Baltic Sea during winter, under the meteorological conditions associated with the Dudley, Eunice, and Franklin storms of 2022. Sampling was conducted aboard r/v Oceania in February 2022 at 16 stations and along 13 transects under both calm and stormy conditions, using a dedicated microplastic net, a stainless-steel pump, and Niskin bottles. The mean MPs concentration was 273.8 ± 181.1 MPs m³, with markedly higher concentrations in deeper waters, particularly in the Bothnian Sea (up to 1083.3 MPs m³). Fibres dominated the MPs pool (70.1%), followed by fragments (29.8%) and beads (0.1%). Black (38.5%), blue (24.3%), and transparent (15.6%) particles were the most common. Raman spectroscopy analysis identified polyester (other than PET, 28.6%), polyethylene (12.5%), polypropylene (7.4%), polyurethane (6.1%), PET (3.3%), rubber (1.9%), and polyamide (1.2%), while 39.1% of MPs were classified as aged and unidentifiable. Significant differences in polymer composition were found between surface and deep-water samples. MPs density strongly influenced vertical distribution in the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Bothnian Sea, whereas vertical patterns were less distinct in the storm-exposed central Baltic (Gotland Basin). The accumulation of MPs in both surface and deep waters indicates potential ecological and human-health risks.

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Abstract

Phytoplankton depend on light, and while intensity effects are well known, responses to light spectrum are less studied. The northern Baltic Sea appears increasingly brown due to CDOM, which absorbs blue light. Using incubation experiments and DNA barcoding on communities from Kattegat, the Central Baltic, and the Bothnian Bay, we show that browner, red-shifted light promotes mixotrophs and heterotrophs. Green algae from the Bothnian Bay tolerated red light, unlike those from southern regions, indicating local adaptation. These results reveal CDOM-driven spectral selection shaping northern Baltic phytoplankton communities as browning intensifies.

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Microplastics, a persistent by-product of global plastic overuse and inadequate waste management, continue to accumulate across environmental compartments. As their large-scale removal remains technically unfeasible, fostering individual responsibility may be crucial to mitigating this pollution. This study assessed public knowledge and awareness regarding microplastic contamination among 407 respondents across various age groups (< 20, 20–40, 40–60, and > 60). The results indicate high awareness of microplastic transport into marine and freshwater systems, as well as its potential harmful effects on biota. However, recognition of atmospheric pollution and domestic sources remains limited. Notably, 91% of respondents acknowledged individual responsibility for reducing plastic waste. These findings underscore the need for targeted education and awareness-raising initiatives to foster behavioural change and safeguard the oceans.

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