Oceanologia No. 55 (4) / 13


Contents


Papers


Papers



Synoptic conditions governing upwelling along the Polish Baltic coast
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 767-785
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.767

Ewa Bednorz1, Marek Półrolniczak1, Bartosz Czernecki1,2
1Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Climatology,
Dzięgielowa 27, 61-680 Poznań, Poland;
e-mail: ewabedno@amu.edu.pl
e-mail: marekpol@amu.edu.pl
2Institute of Meteorology and Water Management,
National Research Institute, Centre for Poland's Climate Monitoring,
Podleśna 61, 01-673 Warsaw, Poland;
e-mail: nwp@amu.edu.pl

keywords: upwelling, Baltic Sea, atmospheric circulation

Received 4 February 2013, revised 21 May 2013, accepted 12 June 2013.

Abstract

The study analyses atmospheric feedback to the occurrence of upwelling along the Polish Baltic coast. Upwelling events were identified on the basis of daily mean sea surface temperature (SST) maps from the period 1982-2010 derived from the NOAA OI SST V2 High Resolution Dataset. Synoptic conditions favourable to the occurrence of upwelling were determined on the basis of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. On average, there are approximately 23 days with upwelling each year along the Polish Baltic coast, which account for approximately 13% of the warm period (April-September). The pressure pattern with an anticyclone centred over Scandinavia and extending over northern Europe induces a north-easterly flow of air along the Polish Baltic coast, which causes upwelling. Such a circulation pattern is accompanied by positive air temperature anomalies. The opposite pressure conditions, during which a trough of low pressure encompasses Scandinavia, cause a westerly flow over the southern part of the Baltic basin, which effectively inhibits upwelling along the Polish Baltic coast.

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Seasonal variability in the Baltic Sea level
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 787-807
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.787

Małgorzata Stramska1, Halina Kowalewska-Kalkowska2,*, Marek Świrgoń2
1Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: stramska@iopan.gda.pl
*corresponding author
2University of Szczecin, Department of Earth Sciences,
A. Mickiewicza 16, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland

keywords: Baltic Sea, regional oceanography, marginal and semi-enclosed seas, Sea level: variations and mean

Received 15 April 2013, revised 18 June 2013, accepted 9 July 2013.

This work was supported through the SatBałtyk project funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, (contract No. POIG.01.01.02-22-011/09 entitled "The satellite monitoring of the Baltic Sea environment").

Abstract

Sea level is subject to spatial and temporal variability on different scales. In this paper we investigate seasonal variability in the open Baltic Sea level using daily satellite altimetry data for the period 1 January 1993-31 December 2010. Our results indicate that there is a well-pronounced seasonal cycle in the 18-year average sea level and in its standard deviation. The average annual SLA amplitude in the open Baltic Sea is about 18 cm. The seasonal cycle of the SLA in the Baltic Sea is asymmetric in shape. In the autumn and winter (about 240-260 days per year), the 18-year average daily SLA are higher than the 18-year annual average SLA. In the spring and summer (about 100-120 days per year), the 18-year average daily SLA are lower than the 18-year annual average SLA. A similar asymmetry of the seasonal cycle is not observed in the North Sea and North Atlantic SLA data. The annual pattern of the sea level variability in the Baltic Sea is evident if one considers multi-year average time series, but the cycle can be obscured in some years.

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Acoustic noise generation under plunging breaking waves
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 809-836
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.809

Zygmunt Klusek1, Aliaksandr Lisimenka2
1Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: klusek@iopan.gda.pl
2Maritime Institute in Gdańsk,
Długi Targ 41/42, 80-830 Gdańsk, Poland;
e-mail: sasha@im.gda.pl

keywords: wave breaking, noise generation by breaker, wave energy dissipation

Received 15 March 2013, revised 1 August 2013, accepted 17 September 2013.

The experimental part of the work was supported by an EC grant "Transnational access to large-scale tests in the large wave flume (GWK) at the Forschungszentrum Küste (FZK)" contract No. HPRI-2001-CT-00157.

Abstract

The paper presents results of investigations performed in a wave channel in order to determine associations between the dissipation of surface wave energy during breaking and acoustic noise emission.
     The experiments were carried out in fresh water in the Large Wave Flume (GWK) at the Forschungszentrum Küste (FZK) in Hanover (Germany). Relationships between the acoustic noise energy and losses of surface wave energy were estimated over the broad acoustic frequency band from 350 to 12 500 Hz, and the characteristic temporal changes of the spectral properties of noise in the breaking process were demonstrated.
   It was found that the ratio of acoustic noise energy generated during wave breaking to the energy dissipation of single plunging breakers with heights of 1.6-2.8 m were in the 10-9- 10-8 range and found to be in reasonable agreement with the results of some previous experiments performed for smaller scales of breaking wave.
   The study contributes to the development of a passive acoustic method for the parameterization of sea surface dynamic processes.


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Impact of ship-borne nitrogen deposition on the Gulf of Finland ecosystem: an evaluation
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 837-857
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.837

Urmas Raudsepp1, Jaan Laanemets1, Ilja Maljutenko1, Marke Hongisto2, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen2
1Marine Systems Institute, Tallinn University of Technology,
Akadeemia tee 15a,12618 Tallinn, Estonia;
e-mail: urmas.raudsepp@msi.ttu.ee
e-mail: jaan.laanemets@msi.ttu.ee
e-mail: ilja.maljutenko@msi.ttu.ee
2Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute,
P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland;
e-mail: Marke.Hongisto@fmi.fi
e-mail: Jukka-Pekka.Jalkanen@fmi.fi

keywords: ship nitrogen deposition, nitrogen fixation, ecological modelling, Gulf of Finland

Received 16 April 2013, revised 29 July 2013, accepted 27 August 2013.

The work presented in this study was jointly funded by the European Regional Development Fund, Central Baltic INTERREG IV A Programme within the project SNOOP and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP/2007-2011 within the projects ECOSUPPORT, grant agreement No. 217246.

Abstract

The degree of inter-annual variability in spring and summer phytoplankton blooms and nitrogen fixation in response to the deposition of oxidized nitrogen originating from ship emissions (hereafter nitrogen deposition) was evaluated in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) based on 10-year (1997-2006) simulation results using a coupled hydrodynamic (GETM) and ecological (ERGOM) model. Ship emissions were generated for 2008 using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model, and ship nitrogen deposition was calculated using the Hilatar chemistry-transport model over the Baltic Sea. The annual ship nitrogen deposition in the Gulf of Finland was 1.6 kt N, about 12% of the annual atmospheric deposition, and increased in summer, up to 30% compared to the monthly atmospheric deposition. Ship nitrogen deposition caused an increase in spring and post-bloom primary production in two functional groups (diatoms and flagellates), at the same time reducing phosphate resources in the upper layer. Nitrogen fixation due to ship nitrogen deposition decreased by 1-1.6 kt N year-1 (2-6%). The effect of ship nitrogen deposition on nitrogen fixation was greater in the western and central Gulf of Finland. The additional ship nitrogen deposition to the Gulf was practically compensated for by a decrease in nitrogen fixation.

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Impact of the inflow of Vistula river waters on the pelagic zone in the Gulf of Gdańsk
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 859-886
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.859

Magdalena Wielgat-Rychert1,*, Anetta Ameryk2, Anna Jarosiewicz1, JaninaKownacka2, Krzysztof Rychert1, Lena Szymanek2, Mariusz Zalewski2, Alina Agatova3, Natalia Lapina3, Nadezhda Torgunova3
1Pomeranian University in Słupsk,
K. Arciszewskiego 22a, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland;
e-mail: wielgatm@wp.pl
*corresponding author
2National Marine Fisheries Research Institute,
H. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
3Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (VNIRO),
V. Krasnoselskaya 17, 107140 Moscow, Russia

keywords: Baltic Sea, Gulf of Gdańsk, estuarine mixing, bacterioplankton, phytoplankton

Received 29 June 2012, revised 20 February 2013, accepted 1 August 2013.

The study was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education as statutory activities of the Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology of the National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (project O-147) and statutory activities of the Department of Ecology of the Pomeranian University in Słupsk (project 11.6.13). This study was also supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education project N N304 025334.

Abstract

The biomass, production, composition of autotrophic phytoplankton and hetero-trophic bacteria were studied along with environmental and biological parameters. Samples were taken from Vistula river water (at Kiezmark) and from the river plume to the outer stations in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea) in June 2005. The phytoplankton biomass gradient appeared to be simply the result of dilution of the river water in the sea water, whereas the bacterial abundance and biomass dropped between the river station and the first sea water stations, a decrease that cannot be explained by the dilution effect. The Vistula water stimulated the production mainly of bacterioplankton but also of phytoplankton in the river plume as compared to rates measured in Vistula waters and at the open sea stations. However, this stimulation did not result in a measurable increase in biomasses, probably because of the short retention time of water in the river plume. Phytoplankton production was correlated with phytoplankton biomass (Chl a), while bacterial production was correlated with phytoplankton production and phytoplankton biomass (Chl a).

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Rotifer trophic state indices as ecosystem indicators in brackish coastal waters
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 887-899
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.887

Agnieszka Gutkowska*, Ewa Paturej, Ewa Kowalska
Department of Applied Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,
M. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
e-mail: agnieszka.gutkowska@uwm.edu.pl
*corresponding author

keywords: rotifers, trophic state index, brackish waters, indicator species, zooplankton, Vistula Lagoon

Received 18 April 2013, revised 2 August 2013, accepted 6 September 2013.

The study was carried out as part of the research projects "Monitoring the Vistula Lagoon water quality on the basis of satellite remote sensing" (MONTRANSAT) co-financed by the European Union from European Regional Development Fund, and "System of environmental and spatial information as the background for sustainable management of the Vistula Lagoon ecosystem" (VISLA) financed by the Polish-Norwegian Research Fund.

Abstract

Thanks to their short life cycles, rotifers react rapidly to changes in environmental conditions and so may be useful for biological monitoring. The objective of this paper was to investigate the applicability of rotifer trophic state indices as indicators of the trophic state of brackish waters, as exemplified by the Vistula Lagoon. Carried out in summer from 2007 to 2011, this study showed no significant correlation between the Lagoon's trophic state and the rotifer structure. This confirms the limited applicability of rotifer trophic state indices for evaluating water quality in brackish water bodies.

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Epibiotic mites associated with the invasive Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis - new records of Halacaridae from Poland
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 901-915
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.901

Monika Normant1, Andrzej Zawal2,*, Tapas Chatterjee3, Dagmara Wójcik1
1Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organism,
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk,
al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
2Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Limnology, University of Szczecin,
Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland;
e-mail: zawal@univ.szczecin.pl
*corresponding author
3Department of Biology, Indian School of Learning,
I.S.M. Annexe, P.O. - I.S.M., Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India

keywords: Eriocheir sinensis, non-native species, epibiotic mites, Halacaridae, Oribatida, Hydrachnidia

Received 23 April 2013, revised 20 June 2013, accepted 12 August 2013.

This research was supported by grant No. N304 082 31/3219 from the Polish Ministry of Education and Science.

Abstract

Seven epibiotic halacarid mites (Caspihalacarus hyrcanus, two species of Copidognathus, Halacarellus petiti, Porohalacarus alpinus, Soldanellonyx monardi and S. chappuisi), two oribatid mites (Hydrozetes lacustris and Trhypochthoniellus longisetus) and one water mite (Piona pusilla) were found on the setae-covered claws of eighteen Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) collected from fresh and brackish waters in Poland and Germany. The most abundant of the 111 mite individuals recorded was one of the Copidognathus species (N = 52); this was followed by H. petiti (N = 38) and C. hyrcanus (N = 13). This is the first record of H. petiti and of the genus Copidognathus from Polish waters. The possibility of migrating over long distances assisted by catadromous mitten crabs enhances mite dispersal, as well as their introduction to new environments.

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Effect of temperature on two reef-building corals Pocillopora damicornis and P. verrucosa in the Red Sea
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 917-935
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.917

Abdulmohsin A. Al-Sofyani1,*, Yahya A. M. Floos2
1Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University,
Post Box. No. 80207, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia;
e-mail: sofyani@hotmail.com
*corresponding author
2Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine & Environmental Science,
Hodeidah University, Republic of Yemen

keywords: coral bleaching, temperature, zooxanthellae, global warming, Red Sea

Received 29 October 2012, revised 26 August 2013, accepted 6 September 2013.

Abstract

The effects of temperature on two reef building corals Pocillopora damicornis and P. verrucosa inhabiting the Obhur Creek, a small embayment on the western, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia, was studied from December 2009 to November 2010. The overall annual range of seawater temperature in Obhur Creek was between 24.5°C and 33°C. Zooxanthellae abundance and diversity showed seasonal variations: the number of zooxanthellae in P. damicornis was slightly higher than in P. verrucosa, and the abundance of zooxanthellae of both species was low in summer and high during winter. The respiration rate of P. verrucosa did not vary between summer and winter, suggesting compensatory acclimation. In contrast, the respiratory rate in P. damicornis was lower in winter than in summer. During the winter season the metabolic rate was higher in both species owing to the optimum seawater temperature (30°C). As a result of the abundance of zooxanthellae and the optimum seawater temperature, the growth rates of the skeletons of the two coral species were higher in winter and lower in summer. In general, the results showed that P. damicornis is more flexible with respect to temperature than P. damicornis. The difference in zooxanthellae thermal tolerances at 35°C may be due to the algal genotypes between the two species, resulting in P. damicornis becoming bleached as the rate of metabolism exceeds the rate of photosynthesis with increasing temperature.

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Sedimentation from suspension and sediment accumulation rate in the River Vistula prodelta, Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea)
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 937-950
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.937

Mateusz Damrat1, Agata Zaborska2, Marek Zajączkowski2
1Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University,
Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Kraków, Poland
2Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55,81-712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: trapper@iopan.gda.pl
*corresponding author

keywords: sedimentation from suspension, sediment accumulation rates, sediment redeposition, river discharge, Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea

Received 27 May 2013, revised 23 August 2013, accepted 18 September 2013.

The project within which this paper was prepared was funded by the Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, and the National Science Centre, grantNo. 2011/01/B/ST10/06529.

Abstract

The River Vistula is one of the largest suppliers of fresh water and terrigenous matter to the Baltic Sea. The impact of this river on the Baltic coastal system and the fate of the sediment delivered to the Gulf of Gdańsk are not well understood. Spatial transport patterns, as well as the settling, deposition and accumulation of the sediments were studied at the Vistula prodelta in different seasons from January 2012 to January 2013. The concentration of suspended matter in the water column was measured with optical methods, the sedimentation rate was determined with sediment traps, and the sediment accumulation rate was estimated using 210Pb dating. Our data shows that the annual supply of sediment to the sediment-water interface exceeds the annual rate of sediment accumulation in the outer Vistula prodelta by a factor of three. Sediment trapping during rough weather showed that significant sediment redeposition was taking place, even at depths of 55 m. The dynamic sedimentary processes occurring in the Vistula prodelta mean that that more than two-thirds of the sediment mass can be remobilized and then redeposited in deeper parts of the Gdańsk Basin.

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Geochemical and acoustic evidence for the occurrence of methane in sediments of the Polish sector of the southern Baltic Sea
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 951-978
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.951

Aleksandra Brodecka1,*, Piotr Majewski2, Jerzy Bolałek2, Zygmunt Klusek2
1Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk,
al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
e-mail: oceabr@ug.edu.pl
*corresponding author
2Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55,81-712 Sopot, Poland

keywords: methane, sediments, southern Baltic, gas bubbles, SMTZ

Received 27 March 2013, revised 1 August 2013, accepted 26 September 2013.

The research was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education grant No. N306 441638 entitled "Occurrence and transformations of methane in sediments of the southern Baltic Sea", by the BONUS project"BALTIC GAS. Methane emission in the Baltic Sea: Gas storage and effects of climate change and eutrophication (2009-2011)" and by the National Science Centre grant No. DEC-2011/03/N/ST10/05633 "Acoustic recognition of gas-bearing sediment forms in the southern Baltic Sea and quantitative assessment of gas outflows".

Abstract

This paper presents the results of geochemical and acoustic investigations of sediments in the Polish sector of the southern Baltic Sea. Its objective was to indicate areas of gas bubble formation and the occurrence of methane. Over 3000 nautical miles of transects were recorded using a variety of hydroacoustic instruments, and five coring points were selected for further analyses of pore waters (CH4, SO4-2, H2S, NH4+, total alkalinity) and sediments (grain size distribution, Corg, Ntot, LOI and WC). Gas turned out to be present at shallow depths in different forms such as recent and buried pockmarks, and gas-saturated sediments (including gas pockets and seepages). It was found that methane was widespread in the sediments of the study area, both in the surface sediments, e.g. in the vicinity of the Hel Peninsula or in the central Gulf of Gdańsk, and in deeper sediment layers, e.g. in the Gdańsk Deep and the Słupsk Furrow. Chemical analysis showed that as a result of the rapid decomposition of organic matter, sulphates were depleted in the top 20 cm layer of sediments and that methane was produced atrelatively shallow depths (in some areas even at depths of 20-30 cm bsf) compared to other regions of the Baltic, reaching concentrations of >6 mmol l-1 in the 30-40 cm layer below the sediment surface. The sulphate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) was 4-37 cm thick and was situated in the uppermost 50 cm of the sediments.

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Dinoflagellate cyst distribution in recent sediments along the south-east coast of India
Oceanologia 2013, 55(4), 979-1003
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.979

Dhiraj Dhondiram Narale, Jagadish S. Patil, Arga Chandrashekar Anil*
CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography,
Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India;
e-mail: acanil@nio.org
*corresponding author

keywords: dinoflagellate cysts, heterotrophic, phototrophic, south-east coast of India, coastal sediments

Received 2 January 2013, revised 2 August 2013, accepted 26 September 2013.

The financial support for this work was received from the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) under the Indian XBT programme and the Ballast Water Management programme, funded by the Directorate General of Shipping, India.

Abstract

The spatial variation in the dinoflagellate cyst assemblage from the south-east coast of India is presented along with a comparison of the cyst abundance from other regions of the world.Samples from 8 stations revealed the presence of 24 species from the genera Protoperidinium, Zygabikodinium, Gonyaulax, Lingulodinium and Gyrodinium. Cyst abundance was comparatively high at northern stations and was well correlated with the fine-grained (silt-clay dominated) sediments. In contrast, low cyst abundance was recorded in sandy sediments at southern stations. Fourteen cyst-forming dinoflagellate species previously unrecorded in planktonic samples were detected in the sediments. The cystabundance recorded here is low (29-331 cysts g-1dry sediment) as compared to sub-tropical and temperate regions, but it is on a par with tropical regions, including the west coast of India.Comparison of the cyst assemblage along the Indian coast revealed a smaller number of potentially harmful and red-tide-forming dinoflagellate species on the south-east coast (6 species) than on the west coast (10 species). Furthermore, calcareous cysts of the genus Scrippsiella reported from the west coast were not observed in this study although their planktonic cells have been reported.

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