Oceanologia No. 40 (4) / 98
Contents
Papers
Communications
Papers
Radiation flux balance of the sea-atmosphere system over the
southern Baltic Sea
Oceanologia 1998, no. 40 (4), pp. 277-306
Sławomir Kaczmarek, Jerzy Dera
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot,
Poland; kaczmar@iopan.gda.pl
Keywords: Solar radiation, Sea surface radiation,
Radiation flux balance, Southern Baltic
Manuscript received September 28, 1998, in final form November 9, 1998. Abstract
Developed at IO PAS, Sopot, and first presented at the BALTEX Study Conference
in Visby (Dera et al., 1995), the improved radiation transfer model was
applied to determine the following radiation fluxes in the southern Baltic region:
the flux entering the Earth's atmosphere Q1, the sum of fluxes
absorbed Q2 and scattered upwards (reflected) in the atmosphere
Q2´ , the direct solar ray flux reaching the sea surface Q3,
the diffuse solar flux (scattered downwards in the atmosphere) reaching the
sea surface Q4, the total solar flux reaching the sea surface
Q5, the total flux reflected by the sea surface Q6,
the total flux entering the water column Q7, the flux scattered
upwards by the water body and leaving the sea surface Q8,
the flux absorbed in the water column Q9, that absorbed by
the water itself Q10, that absorbed by admixtures other than
phytoplankton pigments Q11, and that absorbed by phytoplankton
pigments Q12, the photosynthetically stored radiation flux
Q13 and the effective infrared radiation flux at the sea surface
Q14.
The model has been developed for the application of satellite images as the
main source of input data. However, since the relevant satellite data are not
yet available, a long-term meteorological and bio-optical standard database
has been used in the computations. The mean monthly fluxes and their balances
for the southern Baltic region, divided into 20 sub-regions, have been obtained
for each month of the year.
Solar radiation fluxes
at the surface of the Baltic Proper. Part 1. Mean annual cycle and influencing
factors
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 307-330
Anna Rozwadowska
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
ania@iopan.gda.pl
Hans-Jörg Isemer
Institute for
Atmospheric Physics, GKSS-Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany
Keywords: Solar radiation flux, Baltic Proper, Semi-empirical model, COADS data set
Manuscript received September 8, 1998, in final form October 27, 1998.
Abstract
Meteorological observations made on board Voluntary Observing Ships in the
period 1980-1992 are used to estimate the climatological characteristics of
the solar radiation flux at the surface of the Baltic Proper. A semi-empirical
model developed for the Baltic region is used. Monthly and annual means of solar
radiation fluxes reaching the sea surface, averaged over the northern, southern
and western parts of the Baltic Proper are calculated. Seasonal and interannual
variability of the fluxes as well as the impact of both meteorological and astronomical
factors on the monthly and annual means of the fluxes are also analysed. The
annual mean irradiance for the entire Baltic Proper is estimated at 117 (± 4)
W m-2. The long-term monthly means for this area vary from 12 (±> 4)
W m-2 in December to 241 (±> 21)
W m-2 in June.
Photosynthetic rate and light curves of phytoplankton
in the southern Baltic
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 331-344
Henryk Renk, Stanisław Ochocki
Sea Fisheries Institute,
Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland; sochocki@miryb.gdynia.pl
Keywords: Southern Baltic, Photosynthetic rate, Assimilation number,
Photosynthetic light curves
Manuscript received September 18, 1998, in final form October 29, 1998.
Abstract
The paper presents photosynthetic curves for the phytoplankton population
at three stations located in the Polish Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea, i.e.
in the Gdańsk and Bornholm Deeps and in the southern part of the Gotland Deep.
Studies were carried out in 1995-1998. Assimilation numbers varied from 1.59
to 6.81 mgC mgChl-1 h-1, the average value being 3.31 mgC mgChl-1 h-1.
Irradiation of photosynthesis saturation ranged from 216 to 673 kJ m-2
h-1. The seasonal variations in assimilation number and its dependence
on water temperature are described.
Size distributions of Scenedesmus
obliquus cells: experimental results from optical microscopy and their approximations
using the φ-normal distribution
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 345-353
Barbara Pawlak, Józef Kopeć
Marine Physics
Department, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland;
pawlak@sus.univ.szczecin.pl
Keywords: φ-normal distribution, Algal cells
Manuscript received December 18, 1998, in final form December 31, 1998.
Abstract
3400 measurements of algal cell size using the microscopic
technique are discussed. The algal population is observed to evolve.
The size distribution is well approximated by the φ-normal
distribution. There is variability in the form of the size distribution.
An algorithm for calculating the concentration of phytoplankton
in a stratified sea with respect to the daily migration of zooplankton.
Part 1. P-V-Z-D model
Oceanologia 1998,
no 40 (4), pp. 355-370
Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, Andrzej Zieliński
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-12 Sopot, Poland;
dzierzb@iopan.gda.pl
Keywords: Biological model, Phytoplankton, Nutrient, Zooplankton, Benthic detritus
Manuscript received July 7, 1998, in final form October 20, 1998.
Abstract
This paper presents a
nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus biological
model with a fully-developed regeneration mechanism with respect
to the daily migration of zooplankton. The P-V-Z-D model
consists of two partial differential
equations of the diffusion type for the concentration of
nutrients and phytoplankton, and two ordinary differential
equations for the concentration of zooplankton and the benthic
detritus pool, together with initial and boundary
conditions.
An algorithm for calculating the concentration of phytoplankton
in a stratified sea with respect to the daily migration of zooplankton.
Part 2. Numerical simulation
Oceanologia 1998, no 40 (4), pp. 371-398
Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, Andrzej Zieliński
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
dzierzb@iopan.gda.pl
Keywords: Biological model, Phytoplankton, Nutrient, Zooplankton, Benthic detritus
Manuscript received July 10, 1998, in final form October 20, 1998.
Abstract
The numerical studies were carried out using a (nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus)
biological model with a well-developed regeneration block. This paper presents
the time-dependent vertical distributions of biological characteristics (concentrations
nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton and benthic detritus pool) on the assumption
that the horizontal distribution of these parameters is uniform. The calculations
were made in an area 0 ≤ z ≤ 20 m with a vertical scale step of 10 cm
and a time scale step of 15 min. The
experimental data, gathered during the PEX A'86 international scientific
experiment of the Baltic states, and those by the International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea, were used as the input data for the calculations.
Communications
Coastal and inland cyanobacterial blooms (blue-green
algae) — hazards to human and animal health
Oceanologia
1998, no 40 (4), pp. 399-403
Marcin Pliński
Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Gdańsk,
Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
ocemp@univ.gda.pl
Geoffrey A. Codd
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,
Scotland, UK
Keywords: Toxic cyanobacteria, Collection and treatment, Toxin properties
Manuscript received July 29, 1998, in final form October 14, 1998.
Abstract
The aim of this communication is to increase the awareness about the hazards
presented to animal and human health by cyanobacterial toxins, signs of poisoning
by the toxins, samples to be taken for analysis and of sources of information
on therapy. Heightened awareness is advocated in view of the increasing occurrence
of cyanobacterial blooms and scums in Polish waters and of reports of animal
intoxications attributed to cyanobacterial toxins in neighbouring and other
countries around the Baltic Sea.