Oceanologia No. 39 (3) / 97

Contents

Papers

Dissertations

Papers


Tymon Zieliński
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Aerosol masses and mass gradients in the marine boundary layer over the breaker zone
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 201-219

Keywords: Aerosol concentrations; Aerosol mass; Mass gradients; Wind; Lidar; Baltic Sea Manuscript received July 7, 1997, in final form August 7, 1997.
This research is part of the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, grant No. 6 P04E03611.
Abstract
The aerosol size distribution function and aerosol concentration in the marine boundary layer depends strongly on wind speed, direction and duration. Measurements were therefore carried out in various seasons of the year, with all the above factors and different types of sea bottoms being taken into consideration. By employing the size distribution function and concentrations of aerosol particles, which were determined in the coastal zones of the southern Baltic Sea by means of the lidar method, the aerosol masses and their gradients in the marine boundary layer were calculated. It was found that for onshore winds the concentrations and gradients were substantially lower when compared with those for winds blowing off the land.
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Maria Chomka, Tomasz Petelski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Modelling the sea aerosol emission in the coastal zone
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 211-225

Keywords: Aerosol; Flux; Coastal zone Manuscript received June 16, 1997, in final form July 18, 1997.
Abstract
A model of aerosol emission from the coastal zone is presented. Based on the equation describing wind-wave energy dissipation in the coastal zone of the sea, it enables the aerosol emission from any coastal zone to be calculated provided the parameters of wave motion in a deep sea and the bathymetry are known. The aerosol emissions for a real bottom profile (the coastal station at Lubiatowo, southern Baltic Sea) are given. The effect of the sea bottom profile on aerosol emission is discussed on the basis of numerous implementations of the model. The logarithmic relationship between the total aerosol emission flux from the coastal zone and the tangent of the bottom slope is demonstrated, and the total aerosol emission from a coastal zone with a smooth sea-bed is compared with that from a coastal zone with a rough bed. The aerosol emission flux is independent of wave size in deep water at short distances from the shore.
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Wiesław Kiciński
The Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia

A statistical model for classifying ambient noise in the sea
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 227-235

Keywords: Ambient noise; Sea-state classification

Manuscript received January 14, 1997, in final form June 18, 1997.

This work was supported by grant No. 8T11B02710 from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research. Parts of this paper were presented at the conference on Sea Surface Sound, Southampton, U. K., 1997.
Abstract
The article discusses the results of a multidimensional approach to the investigation of ambient noise. The methodology for the characterisation of ambient noise is discussed and the results of its application in the classification of sea-states are considered. The main problem in classifying sea-state using multidimensional statistical methods is to determine the distinctive features of ambient noise. The data were processed in the time and frequency domains. The autoregressive model of ambient noise was applied in the time domain, and its coefficients were used as discriminatory terms for classifying and identifying sea-states. The third octave spectrum was used to extract the distinctive features of ambient noise in the frequency domain. The data were analysed in the 2-128 Hz frequency band. The data sets were processed using Fisher's linear functions. The order of the autoregressive model and the third octave frequencies were found to classify the sea state. The distinctive features of ambient noise were determined with respect to time and frequency. Finally, the parameters of two statistical models were used to classify sea states.
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Zygmunt Klusek, Joanna Szczucka
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Stanisław Rudowski
Institute of Oceanography, Gdańsk University, Gdynia

An attempt to use a broadband acoustic signal for determining the dimensions of Baltic fish
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 237-253

Keywords: Marine acoustics; Resonant scattering by swimbladders; Broadband signals

Manuscript received July 8, 1997, in final form August 18, 1997.

This research was financially supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, grant No. 6 P202 022 07.
Abstract
The resonant scattering of sound by fish swimbladders is described. Broadband acoustic signals scattered by fish schools in shallow water were analysed in order to find the resonant frequencies of fish swimbladders and to determine the fish length. Different spectral techniques were applied in order to discern the resonance peaks in the scattered signal spectrum.
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Grażyna Kowalewska, Joanna Konat
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Brygida Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska
Department of Biological Oceanography, Szczecin University, Szczecin

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Oder Estuary (Szczecin Lagoon) before the flood of 1997
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 255-266

Keywords: PAHs; Sediments; Pigments; Oder Estuary (Szczecin Lagoon); Baltic Sea; HPLC Manuscript received July 31, 1997, in final form August 18, 1997.
Abstract
Concentrations of 12 unsubstituted PAHs were determined in sediments of the Oder Estuary (Szczecin Lagoon), an exceptional aquatic basin on the Baltic coast, collected in 1996, i.e. before the flood of 1997. Four-ring PAHs (fluoranthene and pyrene) were the most abundant, six-ring PAHs the least abundant group of PAHs, as is the case in the coastal southern Baltic sediments. The PAH concentration levels were higher than those recorded in the southern Baltic Sea (av. Σ PAHs - 1830 ng g -1, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) - 98 ng g -1), and higher in samples collected in August (av. Σ PAHs - 4960 ng g -1, B(a)P - 319 ng g -1) than in October (av. Σ PAHs - 4581 ng g -1, B(a)P - 281 ng g -1). This result is consistent with the fact that the coastal area is mainly responsible for PAH pollution of the Baltic Sea, and that unsubstituted PAHs are of pyrogenic origin. Their concentration should therefore decrease after summer, since their residence time in the Oder Estuary is very short. PAHs are scavenged from the water column by phytoplankton, mainly by living phytoplankton cells. This conclusion confirms the previous results obtained for sediments from the southern Baltic Sea. The sorption of unsubstituted PAHs by phytoplankton cells varies, depending not only on the concentration and physico-chemical properties of the PAH in question but also on the symmetry of its molecule.
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Grażyna Kowalewska, Joanna Konat
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

The role of phytoplankton in the transport and distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the southern Baltic environment
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 267-277

Keywords: Phytoplankton; PAHs; Pigments; Baltic Sea; Oder Estuary (Szczecin Lagoon) Manuscript received June 26, 1997, in final form September 5, 1997.
Abstract
PAHs (12 compounds from phenanthrene to benzo(g,h,i)perylene) were determined in plankton samples collected from the southern Baltic Sea and the Oder Estuary (Szczecin Lagoon) in 1996. The maximum Σ PAH (sum of 12 PAHs) concentrations were 16 000 ng g -1, i.e. values about twice as high as the maximum levels in sediments of the southern Baltic and the Oder Estuary. PAHs are selectively sorbed from water by phytoplankton, depending not only on their physico-chemical properties like solubility, but also on their molecular structure. The results obtained indicate that phytoplankton plays a decisive role in the transport and distribution of PAHs in the southern Baltic environment.
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Bharat K. Ramavat
Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavanagar, India

Ksenia Pazdro, Alicja Kosakowska, Janusz Pempkowiak
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Fatty acid content in seaweeds from the Baltic Sea and the Indian Ocean
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 279-287

Keywords: Fatty acid content; Composition; Seaweeds; Indian Ocean; Baltic Sea Manuscript received June 26, 1997, in final form July 21, 1997.
Abstract
Two species of red marine macroalgae (Rhodophyceae) from the Indian Ocean, two species of brown marine macroalgae (Phaeophyceae) and one species of green marine macroalgae (Chlorophyceae) from the Baltic Sea were examined for fatty acid composition and content. Fatty acids were quantified by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of their coumaryl esters. The total fatty acid content ranged from 220 g g-1 d.w. in red algae Grateloupia indica to 12 600 g g-1 d.w. in red algae Acantophora spicifera. The proportions of particular fatty acids varied considerably in these species. Palmitic acid (16:0) was dominant in all the species investigated (58-68%) except for G. indica, which contained only 11% of this acid. The Baltic green algae Enteromorpha clathrata was characterised by a high amount of linolenic acid (16.7%), whereas the red macroalgae from the Indian Ocean A. spicifera contained large amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (13%) and oleic acid (11%).
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Agnieszka Beszczyńska-Möller, Jan Marcin Węsławski, Waldemar Walczowski, Marek Zajączkowski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Estimation of glacial meltwater discharge into Svalbard coastal waters
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 289-298

Keywords: Arctic coastal waters; Freshwater budget; Fjords; Hydrology Manuscript received June 16, 1997, in final form August 29, 1997.

This paper was sponsored by statutory research, subject 4.1--4.3, carried out at the Institute of Oceanology PAS in Sopot. Financial support was also received from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, grant supervised by Professor Jacek Jania of the University of Silesia, Sosnowiec. Data were collected within the BIODAFF framework programme.
Abstract
During the summer expeditions of r/v 'Oceania' in 1995-1996, oceanographic investigations comprising CTD profiling and suspension measurements were conducted in Svalbard fjords and shelf waters. The freshwater volume was estimated independently from the salinity drop as compared with the assumed background salinity and from the distribution of mineral suspension density in surface waters. Preliminary calculations of the instantaneous freshwater volume based on the distribution of suspended matter (at depths of < 150 m) yielded a figure of 80 km3 in Svalbard coastal waters in summer. Values for Hornsund and Kongsfjord ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 km3 of freshwater at the height of summer. This corresponds well with glaciological estimations, which give an annual discharge of 14.6 to 27.5 km3 of freshwater for Svalbard. The glacial discharge is estimated to make up some 42% of the freshwater budget of Svalbard shelf waters, the remainder being derived from Barents Sea Arctic waters of reduced salinity.
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Ashraful Mohammed Haque, Jan Marcin Węsławski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Maria Szymelfenig
Institute of Oceanography, Gdańsk University, Gdynia

Spatial and seasonal changes in the sandy littoral zoobenthos of the Gulf of Gdańsk
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 299-324

Keywords: Baltic littoral; Benthos Manuscript received June 30, 1997, in final form September 15, 1997.
Abstract
The meiobenthos and macrobenthos of the sandy littoral (about 1 m depth) were studied monthly in 1993 at three localities on the Gulf of Gdańsk. The average abundance ranged from 0 to 15 159 indiv. m -2 for macrofauna and from 101 to 4193 indiv. 10-1 cm-2 for meiofauna. The respective average biomass ranged from 0 to 51.5 g m-2 and from 0.05 to 2.45 mg 10-1 cm-2. The zoobenthos biomass and abundance show two distinct seasonal peaks in May and late September. The macrofauna was dominated by polychaetes (Nereis diversicolor), the meiofauna by Nematoda and Oligochaeta. Twenty-two macrobenthos taxa were found in the samples examined, which makes the littoral of the Gulf of Gdańsk highly diverse when compared to the open Baltic coast. The meiobenthos consisted of similar higher taxa known from other localities of the temperate zone.
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Agata Rychter
Institute of Oceanography, Gdańsk University, Gdynia

Effects of anoxia on the behaviour, haemolymph lactate and glycogen concentrations in the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii ssp. tridentatus (Maitland) (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (3), pp. 325-335

Keywords: Crustacean; Crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii trinentatus; Anoxia; Behaviour; Metabolism Manuscript received July 9, 1997, in final form September 16, 1997.
Abstract
The ability to accumulate lactate as result of laboratory exposure to anoxia was determined in the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus. Haemolyph lactate levels rose from 0.232 0.13 mol ml-1 to 25.337 1.6 mol ml-1 during 32 h of anoxia. High haemolymph lactate levels resulting from anoxia were associated with a number of behavioural responses. The response of R. harrisii tridentatus to very low levels of oxygen < 2 Torr was relatively slow (LT 50= 24.3 h). Glycogen was found in normoxic concentrations of 15.21 4.68 mol g-1 d.w. These decreased after 6 h exposure to anoxia. The results are discussed in relation to the metabolic requirements for the survival of other crustaceans under low oxygen conditions.
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Dissertations


Ashraful Mohammed Haque
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot

Zoobenthos of the sandy littoral of the Gulf of Gdańsk (review by J. M. Węsławski)
Oceanologia 1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 337-337

Ph. D. thesis in biological oceanography supervised by Associate Professor Jan Marcin Węsławski.
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