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Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of Fluorescent (FDOM) and Chromophoric (CDOM) Dissolved Organic Matter in the southern Baltic Sea, enhancing our understanding of its composition, sources, and dynamics in a semi-enclosed marine system. The Baltic Sea’s unique hydrography and strong freshwater inflow served as a natural laboratory for investigating interactions between terrestrial and marine Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM). We examined spatial and seasonal variations of CDOM and FDOM, using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Six fluorophore groups (C1–C6) were identified, with humic-like components (C1–C3, C5) of terrestrial and marine origin dominating the FDOM composition. Protein-like components (C4, C6) were more prominent in Open Waters (OW), particularly in late summer and fall. Humic-like fluorescence intensity (I_h) contributed 61–96% to total fluorescence (I_tot). The total fluorescence intensity was much higher in the Gulf and Coastal Waters, GCW than in the Open Waters (OW) of the Baltic Sea. The vertical distributions of FDOM varied by region. In the Open Baltic Deep Waters (OBDW) the highest I_h values were observed near the bottom, likely resulting from diffusion of DOM from sediments, and the lowest at the surface. In the Gulf of Gdańsk Deep Waters (GGDW) I_h was the lowest in the Baltic Sea Winter Water (BSWW). I_p was the highest at the surface and the weakest at the bottom, in both areas.
This study offers new insight into the spatial, seasonal, and vertical behavior of FDOM and underscores its sensitivity to environmental conditions.

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Abstract

In this study, we aim to understand the influence of an underwater sill on the fate of suspended particulate material (SPM) discharged by a melting tidewater glacier in an Arctic glacial bay. We examined the potential significance of SPM retention for the bay’s environment by analysing the fate of heavy metals introduced by glacier meltwater. Semi-enclosed bays with sills can not only limit water exchange but also act as effective traps for SPM and, consequently, for components, e.g., pollutants adsorbed onto these particles. Enhanced deposition of particulate pollutants can locally pose a threat to the ecosystem. We focus on Hansbukta, a glacial bay in Hornsund Fjord (Svalbard) that receives freshwater from the rapidly melting Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier. We analysed suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations and associated heavy metal content in six ablation seasons (2015–2020). Our results reveal seasonal variability in SPM and metal concentrations. In most months, over half of the analysed elements discharged with glacier meltwater remain in the bay. It was concluded that Hansbukta, which is isolated from the main fjord basin by an underwater sill, acts as a trap for metals and possibly other pollutants.

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Abstract

This study examined spatial and temporal variations in hydrography, nutrients, and phytoplankton along the Jeddah coast, Red Sea. Temperature ranged from 26.2 ± 0.14°C (February) to 33.4 ± 0.17°C (August), with minimal salinity changes. Nitrate, silicate, and SPM were elevated in the central region. Chlorophyll a and phytoplankton abundances peaked there, reaching 1.54 mg m^-3 in October and 43,393 × 10³ cells m^-3 in July. Centric diatoms (Proboscia alata) dominated in summer, pennate diatoms (Lioloma elongatum) in May, and dinoflagellates in June (1246 × 103 cells m^-3). Cyanophytes peaked in November. In total, 284 species, including 40 harmful taxa, were identified, mainly diatoms and dinoflagellates.

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Abstract

This study presents the first comprehensive investigation of the barrier layer (BL) in the Red Sea (RS) based on Argo float observations from 2012 to 2018, combined with sea level anomaly (SLA) data. The BL is defined as the layer between the temperature-based mixed layer (MLT) and the density-based mixed layer (MLD). The RS is divided into three regions – north (26°N–22°N), central (22°N–18°N), and south (18°N–14°N) – to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the BL. The results show strong evidence of BL presence in all three regions during winter, with maximum thickness observed in January–February, decay by April, and almost no BL during summer. The BL is thickest in the north due to winter cooling and convection, with salinity stratification deepening the MLT below the MLD. It is more moderate and persistent in the central basin, and thinner and short-lived in the south. Buoyancy frequency and salinity analysis confirm that haline stratification stabilizes the water column and sustains the barrier layer. SLA data were used to examine the impact of mesoscale eddies, indicating that anticyclonic eddies (AEs) enhance BL thickness through convergence and downwelling, whereas cyclonic eddies (CEs) tend to erode the BL by shoaling the mixed layer. In the northern RS, unusual deep mixed layers sometimes occur within CEs, which is consistent with the convective overturning during winter. These findings provide the first description of BL characteristics, which improve our understanding of Red Sea upper ocean dynamics, vertical mixing, and climate interactions.

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Abstract

The Sunda Strait, a critical interoceanic conduit between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, exhibits a unique relationship between the skin SST (T_s) and the sea surface energy balance. This study aims to model the cool skin (ΔT_c) and warm layer (ΔT_w) using a coupled Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model. The focus is on analyzing the characteristics of ΔT_c and ΔT_w, quantifying the diurnal variability of the ΔT_c, developing a correction of the bulk SST (T_b) to T_s, and analyzing the sea surface energy balance relative to T_s. Results show that the ΔT_c layer contributes an average cooling of −0.2°C that varies diurnally and increases with wind speed (U₁₀) up to 8 m s⁻¹ and stabilizes near −0.1°C. A two-step correction based on U₁₀ and the diurnal cycle was applied to minimize the discrepancy between T_b and T_s, successfully eliminating the combined influence of ΔT_c and ΔT_w (ΔT_cw). Compared to other models, the proposed model shows a high correlation between ΔT_cw and U₁₀ in the Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, and Java Sea of 0.69, 0.74, and 0.88, respectively. This study also shows that T_s has an ocean regimes and seasonal relationship context with U₁₀, net shortwave flux (R_cw), net longwave flux (R_lw), net sensible heat flux (R_shf), and net latent heat flux (R_lhf). These findings establish T_s as a critical diagnostic parameter for understanding air-sea fluxes in tropical strait systems.

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Abstract

This paper deals with an important coastal engineering problem of defining proper seabed saturation conditions, which have a significant influence on the pore-fluid compressibility and the wave-induced cyclic response of poro-elastic seabed sediments. A unique in-situ measuring campaign was conducted in the tidal zone of the northern beach of Norderney, off the North Sea coast of Germany, where 186 sandy seabed samples were taken underwater. Based on the laboratory measurements, a set of calculated saturation degrees was statistically analyzed. Both the histogram and the normal Q-Q plot, as well as the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, confirmed the validity of the assumption of the normal probability distribution for the variability of the degree of saturation. The mean degree of saturation of the top layer of the se usabed, (S̄_r) = 0.973, constitutes the main output of the study, whereas the uncertainty propagation analysis enabled to define the possible range of variation, which is 0.962 ≤ (S̄_r) ≤ 0.986. It should be clearly emphasised that a proper assessment of the seabed saturation conditions is very important, mainly due to the correctness of the description of the wave-induced pore-fluid pressure field used in more detailed analyses of the pore-fluid pressure gradients and the liquefaction potential of the seabed, which have a direct impact on phenomena such as sand transport on beaches, seabed erosion, and stability of coastal structures (e.g. breakwaters and submarine buried pipelines).

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Abstract

Magnetic fields generated by submarine cables and marine renewable energy devices may negatively affect organisms living nearby. At the same time, the number of projects related to the strategic integration of low-trophic aquaculture within offshore wind farms is increasing. As there is a complete lack of information on the effects of magnetic fields on macroalgae, in our study, we investigated the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF; 50 Hz, 1 mT) on the basic indicators of macroalgal functioning in two Baltic species of commercial value, Fucus vesiculosus and Furcellaria lumbricalis. EMF had a limited effect on the growth of both species. No changes were observed in nutrient uptake rates, water content, or organic matter content.

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Abstract

The hydrographic dynamics of the Malacca Strait Througflow (MST) during Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events remain poorly characterized, particularly for recent years. This study investigates the characteristics of water masses and circulation from 2020 to 2024 during different IOD phases. High-resolution ocean model data from Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) model outputs were examined using statistical analyses of temperature, salinity, and oxygen variability, complemented by volume transport and Lagrangian simulations to examine circulation pathways. The result revealed a strong north-south gradient in water-mass properties, where the northern region is significantly affected by Andaman Sea waters, which are higher in salinity and oxygen-depleted. The southern region receives water from the Java Sea and the South China Sea, which are warmer and less saline. The middle region serves as a mixing zone between the northern and southern water masses. Seasonal variations are most evident in surface waters, whereas deep-water characteristics remain stable throughout the seasons. Evidence indicates that different mixing processes occur in each region, affecting the distribution of water properties. IOD phases significantly modulate MST conditions. The positive IOD phases result in warmer temperatures, lower oxygen levels, and more stable salinity due to decreased freshwater input. In contrast, negative phases lead to cooler temperatures, higher oxygen concentrations, and lower salinity due to increased rainfall and runoff. Crucially, particle tracking revealed a bifurcated flow, with pathways towards both the Andaman Sea and the Java Sea, and volume transport increased by 7.02% in the south during positive IOD. These findings highlight the MST’s complex and regionally heterogeneous response to climate variability.

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Abstract

We study the dynamics of barotropic currents at semidiurnal and diurnal frequency bands in the inner shelf and surf zone off the west coast of India using moored velocity observations. In both the Inner shelf and the Surf zone, the observed current exhibits significant semidiurnal and diurnal energy. The hourly climatology of residual currents exhibits a strong diurnal variability in the barotropic currents in the both regions. A 2D hydrodynamic model, Delft3d, was implemented, and sensitivity experiments were performed to understand the role of wind and wave in the tidal and diurnal variability of barotropic currents in the region. Surf zone barotropic currents in diurnal band are strongly modulated by the winds. However, wind has minimal influence on the barotropic current in the inner shelf. Sensitivity experiments with and without waves show that, apart from wind, wave parameters have significant influence on the diurnal variability of surf zone currents. Analysis further confirms that diurnal currents in the surf zone are primarily wind-driven, while inner shelf currents are mostly tide-dominated. Overall, this study underscores the necessity of incorporating wind, wave, and tidal forcing to realistically simulate nearshore currents in the inner shelf and surf zone along the west coast of India.

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Abstract

The South Java Coastal Current (SJCC) transports warm water from the tropical Indian Ocean toward the southeast along the coastal areas of western Sumatra and southern Java. This study aims to reconstruct the SJCC and examine its seasonal and interannual variations during different phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from 1993 to 2023. Surface ocean currents were examined using the Ocean Surface Current Analysis Real-time (OSCAR) dataset, along with sea level anomaly (SLA), ERA5 surface wind, Niño 3.4, and Dipole Mode Index (DMI). Results reveal that, on the intraseasonal timescale, the SJCC exhibits a dominant periodicity of about 76 days. In general, the eastward surface currents along the southern waters of Java are formed throughout the year. From June to September, the eastward surface currents are usually absent under normal conditions but appear during negative IOD and La Niña events, driven by wind mechanisms and Kelvin wave activity. Conversely, during positive IOD and El Niño events, the eastward surface currents weaken significantly or are suppressed, especially from October to January. The influence of IOD events on the eastward surface currents is stronger than that of ENSO. The variability of the eastward surface currents is affected not only by seasonal monsoon winds but also by large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions and the movement of equatorial Kelvin waves. Understanding these processes is essential for more accurate prediction of regional circulation, heat transfer, and climate variability in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean.

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