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The climatic parameters (surface air temperature, surface relative humidity, surface wind regime, and mean sea level pressure) are important in addressing adaptation/mitigation to climatic changes. In particular, the recent and future of these climatic parameters along the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast (EMC) were analyzed based on hourly real observed data (2007–2020) and hourly reanalysis (ERA5) database (1979–2020) together with daily GFDL (global climate model) mini-ensemble mean (2006–2100). Recent climatic studies in the study area have not given enough attention to the downscaling approach, underscoring the need to set up a statistical downscaling technique to better understand the forces that govern climatic change. Here, we analyze the current climatic and future scenarios for the parameters studied in a three-step process. The first step is to study the current weather variabilities in the short term (14 years) using the real observed data. The second step is to describe the long-term (42 years) current weather variabilities over the studied stations using a reanalysis ERA5 database after bias removal by comparing with the observations. The third step is to statistically downscale the GFDL mini-ensemble, which means describing the future projection along the study area up to 2100. The statistical downscale technique is built on the developed bias correction statistical model by matching cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of the mini-ensemble mean and observations during the overlapped period (2007–2020).
The results show that ERA5 describes the efficiency of the weather characteristics of the five studied stations. This data, along with the EMC 2006–2020, displays a significant positive trend for surface air temperature and significant negative trends for surface wind speed, relative humidity, and sea level pressure. The GFDL mini-ensemble mean projection, up to 2100, has a significant bias with the studied weather parameters. This is partly due to the GFDL coarse resolution (2° × 2.5°). After removing the bias, the statistically downscaled simulations from the GFDL mini ensemble mean show that the study area’s climate will experience significant change, especially surface air temperature and relative humidity with a great range of uncertainties according to the scenario used and regional variations. Our results are the initial step in enhancing the understanding and development of statistical downscaling techniques to project future climate scenarios over EMC.

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Abstract

Bay and harbor resonances are investigated in this work, taking into account the variable bathymetry of the semi-enclosed basin. The Modified Mild-Slope (MMS) equation is implemented for the description of combined refraction-diffraction effects, from which the eigenperiods and eigenmodes are calculated by means of a low-order Finite Element Method (FEM scheme). The model is first applied to a coastal-port region of Toulon, France, illustrating the versatility of the model to easily include coastal structures such as detached breakwater. Next, the present model is applied to the extended nearshore area of Toulon including the Gulf of Giens showing the applicability of the developed MMS-FEM model for the estimation of harbor and bay resonances, as well as more extended nearshore regions where variable bottom topography effects become important. The calculated resonant frequency depends on the domain characteristics and the size of the open sea boundary and accurately reproduces the measurements within Toulon Bay. On the other hand, for open bays such as the Gulf of Giens, a discrepancy is observed between calculated and measured eigenperiods which is due to a very wide opening of the sea boundary that cannot accurately describe the seiching. This underlines the difficulty of accurately calculating the resonance frequency for open bays, in contrast to the classic studies carried out for ports, which are considered virtually closed basins, and confirms the complementary nature of long-term water level measurements and numerical calculations, for better quantification of the risks associated with energetic meteorological and/or oceanographic events.

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Abstract

Measurements of inherent optical properties (IOPs) and characteristics of concentration and composition of suspended particles were made on original and size-fractionated surface water samples from Arctic fjords and coastal waters of western Spitsbergen in the Svalbard archipelago, in the summer months of 2021 and 2022. Optical measurements included the spectral scattering coefficient of particles, and spectral absorption coefficients of particles as well as depigmented (non-algal) particles and phytoplankton. Assemblages of suspended particles were characterised by measuring the mass concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), particulate organic matter (POM), particulate inorganic matter (PIM), and phytoplankton pigments including chlorophyll a (Chla ). All measurements were performed on original (unfiltered) seawater and on size-fractionated samples obtained by filtration using a combination of nylon meshes and membrane filters. This allowed us to determine the contribution of the fractions of very small (VS), small (S) and combined medium and large particles (ML) to the total SPM and Chla, as well as to the total scattering and absorption coefficients. The obtained results: (i) indirectly indicate a clear variability in particle size distributions occurring in the studied marine environment (e.g., the contribution of ML size fraction to SPM (the ratio SPM_ML/SPM) varied between 0.10 and 0.52); (ii) indicate noticeable differences in composition between size fractions (e.g., the POM/SPM ratio was on average 0.21 for the S fraction, and 0.34 and 0.32 for the VS and ML fractions, respectively); (iii) in most cases indicate that the fraction S had the largest contribution to all analysed spectral optical coefficients, followed by the VS and ML fractions (the average contributions of the S fraction to scattering coefficient of particles and absorption coefficient of particles or depigmented (non-algal) particles were above 0.6 in the entire analysed spectral ranges); (iv) allowed for the identification of statistical relationships between selected characteristics describing changes in particle size and variability of particle IOPs (e.g., we observed statistical relations between SPMML/SPM and the spectral slope of scattering coefficient by particles, as well as SPM-specific coefficients of scattering by particles).

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Abstract

Phytoplankton is crucial in maintaining the functional integrity of marine ecosystems, shaping the delicate balance between the food web base and higher trophic levels. However, these organisms are also susceptible to environmental changes, with fundamental ecological implications. We investigated the response of four phytoplankton communities (diatoms, coccolithophores, chlorophytes, and cyanobacteria) to hydroclimatic parameters in the South China Sea (SCS) between 1998 and 2012, and ascertained the effects of El Niño and La Niña climatic anomalies on the niche preferences of these communities at interannual timescales. Overall, changes in temperature and NO₃ jointly explained 51% of phytoplankton variability. Cyanobacteria was the most generalist taxon, displaying tolerance to both El Niño and La Niña conditions, justifying its relatively high abundance, increasing trend, and spatial expansion. Coccolithophore, the second most abundant community mainly in northern SCS was associated with La Niña-related conditions while diatoms were primarily associated with El Niño but displayed tolerance to both climatic regimes and a strong positive response to iron. Finally, chlorophytes were marginal under both El Niño and La Niña conditions indicating that inherent hydrographic constraints and competition limit their niche breadth and abundance. We concluded that non-linear interactions linked to El Niño drive interannual microbial dynamics in the SCS by modifying hydrographic and geochemical characteristics. Hence, we surmised that under accelerated ocean warming, cyanobacteria, and most likely dinoflagellates will dominate phytoplankton community structure with significant impacts on the food web and regional marine biogeochemistry.

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Abstract

We present the sea surface temperature (SST), latent heat flux (LHF), and sensible heat flux (SHF) studies of three tropical cyclones in the Indian subcontinent region. These three tropical cyclones were scrutinized based on their intensity scale ranging from Category 2 (Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, VSCS) to Category 5 (Super Cyclonic Storm, SuCS) on a hurricane scale (IMD scale). VSCS Vayu, SuCS Kyarr, and ESCS (Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm) Maha formed over the Arabian Sea in June, October, and November 2019, respectively. There is a 2°C to 4°C difference in the SST during the pre- and post-cyclone period along the best track. The maximum reductions in SST up to 8°C have occurred in the region from where the cyclones have re-curved. The enthalpy fluxes (LHF and SHF) are highest at 280 W/m² around the cyclone’s best track and follow the same direction of the cyclone development. Prior flux changes in the cyclone region may have a role in directing the cyclone’s best track. Argo floats within 1° from the best track revealed that pre-cyclone SST was warmer at the surface than post-cyclone SST. The sub-surface SST at a depth of 100–150 m suggests a warming of the ocean in the post-cyclone period near and adjacent to cyclone intensification regions due to the upwelling of the warm subsurface waters. The upper ocean response is crucial to studying the increasing intensity of TCs and the re-curvature of its best track over the Arabian Sea.

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Abstract

The date mussel Lithophaga lithophaga is protected by law in Tunisia. Still, illegal consumption of this luxury seafood has increased over time due to high demand and high prices, which have made the species regularly available in the seafood market of Bizerte, putting wild stocks at risk of decline. To raise public awareness of the risks to human health associated with the consumption of this bivalve, 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in the soft tissue of the species, which was collected from two sites of high fishery pressure in the bay and lagoon of Bizerte. Total PAHs concentrations differ significantly between the studied sites ranging from 0.45 to 546.05 μg g⁻¹ d.w., and were associated with port activity and the petroleum industry. The benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalent factor and excess cancer risk showed both high values exceeding permissible limits in the polluted site. These findings provide valuable information regarding the distribution of PAHs in mussels from wild ecosystems that could be useful to prevent consumer intoxication and improve awareness against illegal harvesting of this species.

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Position Paper

Abstract

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Short Communications

Abstract

Two non-indigenous species of shrimps (Palaemon longirostris and Palaemon macrodactylus) were recorded in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea) during surveys of macrozoobenthos. Three individuals of Palaemon longirostris were found in the port of Gdynia in July 2018, and two more outside the port, in the Outer Puck Bay and the Puck Lagoon in September 2019. Palaemon macrodactylus introduced to Polish waters, was recorded in the ports of Gdynia and Gdańsk in June 2021. Of the 25 P. macrodactylus individuals, 8 were ovigerous females. This article aims to record the first appearance of P. longirostris in 2018 and confirm the occurrence of P. longirostris and P. macrodactylus in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the years that followed.

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Abstract

The first occurrence of the brush-clawed shore crab Hemigrapsus takanoi was recorded during the monitoring of non-indigenous species carried out in the Port of Gdynia (Gulf of Gdańsk) in 2023. The discovery is important as it indicates an expansion of the biogeographic range of this crab in the southern Baltic Sea. Two males with carapace widths of 12.1 and 21.51 mm and wet weights of 3.32 and 6.88 g, respectively, were collected using a Fukui box trap and a self-designed habitat collector. Although H. takanoi is considered a successful invader, according to previous studies, the expansion of this species in the southern Baltic Sea may be limited by the salinity gradient. Its early life stages show low resistance to low salinity conditions, thus precluding the establishment of self-sustaining populations of this crab.

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Abstract

The observation concerns otoliths of Atlantic cod from the Słupsk Bank. A total of 100 pairs of otoliths were selected from 100 specimens, the total length of which ranged from 5.2 cm to 62 cm. It was found that the greater the length of the fish, the smaller the ratio of otolith length to width. Whether this is a regular trend that was observed for the first time, or a matter of analyzing otoliths from different populations, remains an unresolved question. No differences were found between males and females in the relationship between fish size and otolith size, or changes in the ratio of otolith length to width.

Oceanologia No. 66 (4) / 24

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Original research article

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